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第一、GHS制度簡(jiǎn)介與發(fā)展背景
GHS是英文Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals的縮寫，中文全名為“全球化學(xué)品統(tǒng)一分類和標(biāo)簽制度”，簡(jiǎn)稱全球統(tǒng)一制度。分別由聯(lián)合國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)合作暨發(fā)展組織（OECD）負(fù)責(zé)制訂化學(xué)品對(duì)人體健康與環(huán)境之危害分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、聯(lián)合國(guó)危險(xiǎn)貨物運(yùn)輸專家委員會(huì)（UNCETDG）負(fù)責(zé)制訂化學(xué)品物理性安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，最后再由國(guó)際勞工組織（ILO）根據(jù)上述兩標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來制訂標(biāo)示及分類方式。
在各國(guó)的參與努力下，于2002年12月完成了制訂，聯(lián)合國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)委員會(huì)于2003年7月會(huì)議中正式通過。并在2005年完成第一版修訂文件（The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals，簡(jiǎn)稱GHS，聯(lián)合國(guó)文件編號(hào): ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.1,2005，簡(jiǎn)稱GHS紫皮書）。
第二、GHS的主要內(nèi)容
㈠ 危害性分類
GHS制度 將化學(xué)品的危害大致分為3大類28項(xiàng)：
1) 物理危害(如，易燃液體、氧化性固體等16項(xiàng)）。
2) 健康危害（如，急性毒性、皮膚腐蝕/刺激等10項(xiàng)）。
3) 環(huán)境危害（如，水、臭氧層等2項(xiàng)）。
㈡ 危害信息公示
GHS制度采用兩種方式公示化學(xué)品的危害信息：
1) 標(biāo)簽。
2) 安全數(shù)據(jù)單（safety data sheet，簡(jiǎn)稱SDS）。
注：▲在我國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中常稱為“物質(zhì)安全數(shù)據(jù)表”（MSDS）。
▲在GHS制度中一個(gè)完整的標(biāo)簽至少含有5個(gè)部分：信號(hào)詞，危險(xiǎn)說明，象形圖，防范說明等。
▲化學(xué)品危害信息統(tǒng)一公示之安全數(shù)據(jù)單（SDS）包括下面十六方面的內(nèi)容：點(diǎn)擊查看
第三、GHS版本的發(fā)展
★GHS Rev.1 (2005): includes, inter alia, various revised provisions concerning classification and labelling, new provisions for aspiration hazards and new guidance on the use of precautionary statements and pictograms and on the preparation of safety data sheets
★GHS Rev.2 (2007): includes, inter alia, new and revised provisions concerning the classification and labelling of explosives; respiratory and skin sensitizers; toxic by inhalation gases and gas mixtures; additional guidance on the interpretation of the building block approach and on the evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of chemicals; and the codification of hazard and precautionary statements
★GHS Rev.3 (2009): includes, inter alia, new provisions for the allocation of hazard statements and for the labelling of small packagings; two new sub-categories for respiratory and skin sensitization; the revision of the classification criteria for long-term hazards (chronic toxicity) to the aquatic environment; and a new hazard class for substances and mixtures hazardous to the ozone layer
★GHS Rev.4 (2011): includes, inter alia, new hazard categories for chemically unstable gases and non-flammable aerosols; further rationalization of precautionary statements and further clarification of some of the criteria to avoid differences in their interpretation
★GHS Rev.5 (2013): includes, inter alia, a new test method for oxidizing solids, miscellaneous provisions intended to further clarify the criteria for some hazard classes (skin corrosion/irritation, severe eye damage/irritation, and aerosols) and to complement the information to be included in the Safety Data Sheet; revised and simplified classification and labelling summary tables; a new codification system for hazard pictograms, and revised and further rationalized precautionary statements.
★GHS Rev.6 (2015): includes, inter alia, a new hazard class for desensitized explosives and a new hazard category for pyrophoric gases; miscellaneous provisions intended to clarify the criteria for some hazard classes (explosives, specific target organ toxicity following single exposure, aspiration hazard and hazardous to the aquatic environment); additional information to be included in the Safety Data Sheets (section 9); revised and further rationalized precautionary statements and a new example in Annex 7 addressing labelling of small packagings.
目前歐盟系統(tǒng)相比最明顯的變化是象形圖(原名：危險(xiǎn)符號(hào)) 雖然大多數(shù)的GHS象形符號(hào)與舊系統(tǒng)中的相同，但是象形符號(hào)GHS04, GHS07 和 GHS08 是全新的。Compared to the current EU system the most noticeable change are the pictograms (formerly: hazard symbols). While the most of the GHS pictograms have an equivalent in the old system, the pictograms GHS 04, GHS 07 and GHS 08 are completely new.
GHS制度是建立在16個(gè)物理，10個(gè)健康和3個(gè)環(huán)境危險(xiǎn)種類以及包括以下的通訊元素之上的 : 9個(gè)象形符號(hào)。The GHS System is built on 16 physical, 10 health and 3 environmental hazard classes and comprises the following communication elements : 9 Pictograms.
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描述 |
象形符號(hào) |
危險(xiǎn)種類和危險(xiǎn)類別 |
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GHS01 |
Exploding Bomb 引爆的炸彈 |
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Unstable explosives（不穩(wěn)定的炸藥） |
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Explosives of Divisions 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 （炸藥類別 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4） |
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Self reactive substances and mixtures, Types A,B（自反應(yīng)物質(zhì)和混合物,類別 A、B） |
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Organic peroxides, Types A,B （有機(jī)過氧化物,類別 A、B） |
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GHS02 |
Flame 火焰 |
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Flammable gases, category 1 （易燃?xì)怏w類別 1） |
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Flammable aerosols, categories 1,2 （易燃?xì)馊苣z,第1,2類） |
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Flammable liquids, categories 1,2,3 （易燃液體,類別 1,2,3） |
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Flammable solids, categories 1,2 （易燃固體,類別 1,2） |
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Self-reactive substances and mixtures, Types B,C,D,E,F （自反應(yīng)物質(zhì)和混合物, 類型 B,C,D,E,F） |
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Pyrophoric liquids, category 1 （自燃液體類別 1） |
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Pyrophoric solids, category 1 （自燃固體類別 1） |
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Self-heating substances and mixtures, categories 1,2 （自我放熱物質(zhì)和混合物,類別 1,2） |
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Substances and mixtures, which in contact with water,emit flammable gases, categories 1,2,3（與水接觸的物質(zhì)和混合物, 放出易燃?xì)怏w類別 1,2,3） |
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Organic peroxides, Types B,C,D,E,F （有機(jī)過氧化物,類別 B,C,D,E,F） |
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GHS03 |
Flame Over Circle 火焰包圍圓環(huán) |
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Oxidizing gases, category 1 （氧化性氣體,1類） |
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Oxidizing liquids, categories 1,2,3 （氧化性液體,類別 1,2,3） |
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GHS04 |
Gas Cylinder 氣體鋼筒 |
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Gases under pressure（壓力下的氣體） |
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Compressed gases（壓縮氣體） |
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Liquefied gases（液化氣） |
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Refrigerated liquefied gases （冷凍液化氣體） |
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Dissolved gases（溶解氣體） |
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GHS05 |
Corrosion 腐蝕 |
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Corrosive to metals, category 1 （腐蝕金屬,類別 1） |
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Skin corrosion, categories 1A,1B,1C （腐蝕皮膚,類別 1A,1B,1C） |
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Serious eye damage, category 1 （嚴(yán)重眼損傷,類別 1） |
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GHS06 |
Skull and Crossbones 骷髏旗 |
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Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), categories 1,2,3（急性毒性(口服,皮膚接觸,吸入), 類別 1,2,3） |
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GHS07 |
Exclamation Mark 感嘆號(hào) |
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Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), category 4 （急性毒性(口服,皮膚接觸,吸入), 類別4） |
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Skin irritation, category 2 （皮膚刺激,類別2） |
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Eye irritation, category 2（眼刺激,類別2） |
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Skin sensitisation, category 1 （皮膚過敏,類別1） |
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Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Single exposure, category 3 （特定目標(biāo)器官毒性 - 一次接觸, 類別3） |
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GHS08 |
Health Hazard 健康危害 |
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Respiratory sensitization, category 1 （呼吸道過敏,類別1） |
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Germ cell mutagenicity, categories 1A,1B,2（生殖細(xì)胞突變,類別1A,1B,2） |
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Carcinogenicity, categories 1A,1B,2 （致癌性,類別1A,1B,2） |
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Reproductive toxicity, categories 1A,1B,2 （生殖毒性,類別1A,1B,2） |
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Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Single exposure, categories 1,2 （特定目標(biāo)器官毒性 – 一次接觸, 類別1,2） |
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Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Repeated exposure, categories 1,2 （特定目標(biāo)器官毒性 - 反復(fù)接觸, 第1,2類） |
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Aspiration Hazard, category 1 （吸入危險(xiǎn),類別 1） |
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GHS09 |
Environment 環(huán)境 |
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Hazardous to the aquatic environment （對(duì)水環(huán)境的危害） |
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Acute hazard, category 1 （急性危害,類別 1） |
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Chronic hazard, categories 1,2 （慢性危害,類別 1,2） |
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